Mountain building (theories by Kober, Jeffreys, and Holmes), vulcanicity, and earthquakes.

Weathering, mass movement, and the famous Cycle of Erosion theories by W.M. Davis and Walther Penck.

For candidates choosing , Savindra Singh’s text is indispensable. It covers nearly 80% of the physical geography syllabus . Physical Geography By Savindra Singh - mchip.net

is widely considered the gold standard for students and scholars of physical geography in India, particularly for those preparing for competitive exams like the UPSC (Civil Services) , NET/JRF, and various State PSCs.

Introduction to uniformitarianism (the present is the key to the past), geological structure, and the "geomorphological equation" where landforms are a function of process, material, and time.